Ketahanan Ekonomi Rumah Tangga Pekebun Kelapa Sawit Swadaya dan Diversifikasi Pendapatan di Desa Bonai Provinsi Riau
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25181/jaip.v14i2.4835Keywords:
economic resilience, household income structure, income diversification, independent oil palm, smallholders, rural livelihoodsAbstract
Oil palm plantations have become a major agricultural sector in Indonesia and serve as the primary source of livelihood for many independent smallholder households. However, heavy dependence on oil palm farming may increase household vulnerability to economic shocks and income instability. This study aimed to analyze household income structure, income diversification, and their implications for the economic resilience of independent oil palm smallholders in Bonai Village, Riau Province. The research was conducted in Bonai Village, Riau Province, from August to December 2025. The population consisted of 643 independent oil palm smallholders, and 42 respondents were selected using the Slovin formula, along with several additional considerations. This study employed a descriptive quantitative approach using farm income analysis, household income structure analysis, and the Simpson Index of Diversity (SID). The results showed that oil palm farming generated an average net income of IDR 78,346,821 per year, while the average household income reached IDR 10,227,473 per month, comprising 63.84% on-farm income, 9.03% off-farm income, and 27.13% non-farm income. Income diversification was dominated by the medium category (64.29% of households). A notable finding is that diversification was driven primarily by non-farm activities rather than agricultural diversification, indicating that households relied on employment, trade, and service activities to complement oil palm income, yet remained highly dependent on the oil palm sector. Therefore, income diversification serves primarily as a strategy to reduce economic vulnerability and support household economic resilience, rather than as a substitute for oil palm income.
Downloads
References
Abidin, Z., & Jafar, M. I. (2024). Peran penyuluh pertanian menurut persepsi petani Padi di Desa Sangkub Kecamatan Sangkub Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Utara. Jurnal Litbang Provinsi Jawa Tengah, 22(1), 29-36.
Alemu, F. M. (2023). Measuring the intensity of rural livelihood diversification strategies, and Its impacts on rural households’ welfare: Evidence from South Gondar zone, Amahara Regional State, Ethiopia. MethodsX, 10(102191), 1-10.
Bekee, B., & Valdivia, C. (2023). Resilience of rural households : insights from a multidisciplinary literature. Sustainability, 15(5500), 1–15.
Candra, E., Hadi, S., Dewi, N., & Anggraini, R. S. (2021). Independent oil palm smallholder farmers; household income, consumption, and sustainability challenges. Jurnal Agribisnis, 23(1), 101–115.
Chrisendo, D., Siregar, H., & Qaim, M. (2022). Oil palm cultivation improves living standards and human capital formation in smallholder farm households. World Development, 159 (106034), 1-19.
Do, M. H. (2023). The role of savings and income diversification in households’ resilience strategies: evidence from rural Vietnam. Social Indicators Research. 168(1), 353-387.
Febriana, E., Romdhon, M. M., & Trisusilo, A. (2025). Livelihood diversification strategies of independent oil palm farmers in Teramang Jaya Subdistrict, Mukomuko Regency, Indonesia. Journal of Integrated Agribussines, 7(1), 59–71.
Habibi, M. (2023). Extracting labour from the neighbour: class dynamics of agrarian change in Sumatran oil palm. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 50(4), 1317–1346.
Harahap, A. A., Tambun, I. F., Siregar, F. P., Syafiq, M. Z. Al, & Arika, T. D. (2025). Analisa faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap keputusan petani dalam diversifikasi usaha tani. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian, 8(2), 112–119.
Hendrawan, D., Chrisendo, D., & Musshoff, O. (2024). Strengthening oil palm smallholder farmers’ resilience to future industrial challenges. Scientific Reports, 14(12105), 1–11.
Kuipers, K., & Jong, E. B. P. De. (2023). Resilient livelihood styles: An enriched perspective on household livelihood resilience in the sensitive natural environments of Indonesia. Regional Environmental Change, 23(4), 1–14.
Kusumawaty, Y., Pebrian, S., Ansori, Muhammad, A., Dewi, N., & Maharani, E. (2025). Analisis keberlanjutan diversifikasi aren dan kelapa sawit di Kabupaten Pelalawan. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 23(6), 1479–1488.
Kusumawaty, Y., Safitri, R., & Septya, F. (2024). Analisis usaha budidaya lebah madu kelulut. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan Dan Konversi Alam, 21(1), 61–73.
Mudatsir, R. (2021). Analisis pendapatan rumah tangga dan tingkat kesejahteraan petani kelapa sawit di Kabupaten Mamuju Tengah. Journal Agriculture Science, 5(1), 508-516.
Nam, L. Van, Dung, N. T., & Hung, H. G. (2025). Households’ livelihood diversification and its influencing factors in the Vietnam’s smallholder mixed farming systems. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 15(4), 586–597.
Ngganja, L. U. Y., & Saragih, E. C. (2025). Analisis ketahanan pangan rumah tangga petani rumput laut di Kecamatan Wulla Waijelu Kabupaten Sumba Timur. Jurnal of Agribussines Ans Agrotechnolgy, 03(1), 33–46.
Paulina, S., Yurisinthae, E., & Parulian, J. (2023). Kesejahteraan rumah tangga petani lada di Kecamatan Sekayam Kabupaten Sanggau. Jurnal Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis, 7(3), 1124-1135.
Prasetyani, W. H., & Sarwedi. (2025). Systematic literature review faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi usahatani kelapa sawit. Jurnal Agribisnis dan Ilmu Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 10(5), 455–464.
Prihatini, Y. (2021). Dampak pembangunan terhadap perubahan mata pencaharian masyarakat pesisir dan sekitar kecamatan pulomerak. Jurnal Satwika, 3(2), 1–16.
Ratulangi, J. A. F., Manginsela, E. P., & Sendow, M. M. (2021). Keadaan petani jagung pada masa panemi covid-19 di Desa Tolombukan Satu Kecamatan Pasan Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara (Studi Kasus Kelompok Tani Nafiri Jaya). Jurnal Transdisiplin Pertanian, 17(3), 749–758.
Rifiana, Kurniawan, A. Y., & Normilahayani, S. (2024). Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga Petani. Yogyakarta: Yayasan Sahabat Alam Rafflesia.
Sibhatu, K. T., Steinhubel, L., Siregar, H., Qaim, M., & Wollni, M. (2022). Spatial heterogeneity in smallholder oil palm production. Forestry Policy and Economics, 139(102731), 1–10.
Soekartawi. (1995). Ilmu Usahatani dan Penelitian untuk Perkembangan Petani Kecil. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Indonesia.
Soekartawi, Soeharjo, A., Dillon, J. L., & Hardaker, J. B. (2011). Ilmu Usahatani dan Penelitian untuk Pengembangan Petani Kecil. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Indonesia.
Sugiyono. (2023). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R and D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Suminartika, E., Tanggim, E., & Amanda, A. (2025). Karakteristik dan struktur pendapatan petani singkong kampung adat cireundeu. Jurnal Pemikiran Masyarakat Ilmiah Berwawasan Agribisnis, 11(1), 1051–1058.
Wales, C. R. W., Sondakh, M. F. L., & Kapantow, G. H. M. (2022). Analisis pendapatan usahatani padi sawah di Desa Tonom Kecamatan Dumoga Timur Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow. Agri-Sosioekonomi, 18(3), 609–618.
Yusuf, A., Halid, A., & Saleh, Y. (2023). Analisis pendapatan dan resiko usaha kelapa sawit rakyat dalam kelompok tani suka maju di Desa Jatimulya, Kecamatan Tiloan, Kabupaten Buol. Jurnal Agristan, 5(1), 99–108.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Aldio Aldio, Yeni Kusumawaty, Sakti Hutabarat
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Agro Industri Perkebunan agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the Jurnal Agro Industri Perkebunan right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially) with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in Jurnal Agro Industri Perkebunan.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Jurnal Agro Industri Perkebunan. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
